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+=====PAS Aff=====
+====1AC====
+**In the beginning, there was zoe: the indestructible force of life that exceeds any individuation. From zoe, liberal humanism hewed the subject – that fragile creature of finitude – and gave it supreme importance. But when the subject dies, life continues; what, then, are we to make of suicide?**\\
+**__Shildrick 8__** (Margrit, Professor of Gender and Knowledge Production, TEMA Institute for Interdisciplinary Gender Studies, Linköping University, Former Professor of Gender Studies at Queen’s University Belfast, (Ph.D Warwick, M.Sc. Liverpool) “Deciding on Death: Conventions and Contestations in the Context of Disability” Bioethical Inquiry (2008) 5:209–219 DOI 10.1007/s11673-007-9074-1
+My point is that all that has so . . . . ([36], p. 8)
+**We are always already committing suicide – not from terminal illness or an excess of suffering, but because it is in our nature to die. PAS is a mode through which we style our deaths in a manner that affirm zoe – it marks a virtual potential that can disintegrate all notions of the subject as such.**\\
+**__Braidotti 9__** (Rosi, Distinguished Professor in the Humanities at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, founding director of the Centre for the Humanities at Utrecht University and Honorary Visiting Professor in the Law School of Birkbeck College, University of London “Locating Deleuze’s Eco-Philosophy between Bio/Zoe-Power and Necro-Politics” in Deleuze and Law: Forensic Futures, ed. C. Colebrook, R. Braidotti & P. Hanafin, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. 107-109
+Life is cosmic energy, simultaneously empty chaos . . . are non-essentialistic brands of vitalism.
+**The figure who demands PAS as a right represents the ultimate challenge to a legal order bent on death control. The affirmative is the invention of a jurisprudence that calls this right into being.**\\
+**__Hanafin 9__** (Patrick, Professor of Law at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. He has been a visiting professor at the School of Law at the University of Porto, Portugal, and at the Law Faculty at the University of Pretoria in South Africa. He has held research fellowships at the European University Institute in Florence and at the Human Rights Program at Harvard Law School, “Rights of Passage: Law and the Biopolitics of Dying” Deleuze and Law: Forensic Futures, London: Palgrave Macmillan Ed. R. Braidotti, C. Colebrook, P. Hanafin, pg. 47-57
+The figure who refuses is a particularly troubling . . . Tripodina, 2001, p. 1727).
+**This politics of radical and vital affirmation is necessary to interrupt the contemporary necro-political condition that makes extinction inevitable.**\\
+**__Braidotti 13 __**(Rosi, holds Italian and Australian citizenship, was born in Italy and grew up in Australia, where she received degrees from the Australian National University in Canberra in 1977 and was awarded the University Medal in Philosophy and the University Tillyard prize. Braidotti then moved on to do her doctoral work at the Sorbonne, where she received her degree in philosophy in 1981. She has taught at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands since 1988, when she was appointed as the founding professor in women's studies.[1] In 1995 she became the founding Director of the Netherlands research school of Women's Studies, a position she held till 2005. Braidotti is a pioneer in European Women's Studies: she founded the inter-university SOCRATES network NOISE and the Thematic Network for Women's Studies ATHENA, which she directed till 2005. She was a Leverhulme Trust Visiting Professor at Birkbeck College in 2005-6; a Jean Monnet professor at the European University Institute in Florence in 2002-3 and a fellow in the school of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1994. Braidotti is currently Distinguished University Professor at Utrecht University and founding Director of the Centre for the Humanities, onored with a Royal Knighthood from Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands; in August 2006 she received the University Medal from the University of Lodz in Poland and she was awarded an Honorary Degree in Philosophy from Helsinki University in May 2007. In 2009, she was elected Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Since 2009 she is a board member of Consortium of Humanities Centre and Institutes, The Posthuman Malden: polity, pg. 110-141
+This chapter deals with the multi-layered . . . expansion of new 'studies' areas in chapter 4.
+[Braidiotti continues . . . ]
+Speaking from the position of an embodied and embedded female subject, capable of reproducing the future … this on-going engagement with the political accountability of posthuman subjectivity.
+**Thus the plan: The United States should legalize physician-assisted suicide.**\\
+**The plan is an act of law-as-creation, the inauguration of a new world that makes radical change possible. Our becoming-democratic is a affirmative practice of jurisprudence that can reclaim the failures of actually-existingdemocracy **\\
+**__Bogue 12__** (Ronald, Distinguished Research Professor and Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Georgia, “Nature, Law and Chaosmopolitanism” in Revisiting Normativity with Deleuze Ed. R. Braidotti and P. Pisters London: Bloomsbury, pg. 107-112
+Finally, if Deleuze-Guattari's politics can . . . task of fashioning a genuinely democratic political order.
+**The legalization of PAS shifts the coordinates of medicalization and the life/death distinction – this act is fragile, but so is every emergent clamor for rights. Evaluate this debate not on the immediate effects of implementation but on the tantalizing possibilities that our new right creates.**\\
+**__Honig 8__** (Bonnie Honig is Nancy Duke Lewis Professor in the departments of Modern Culture and Media (MCM) and Political Science, 2008, “The Time of Rights: Emergent Thoughts in an Emergency Setting” in The New Pluralism:  William Connolly and the Contemporary Global Condition, kindle
+Connolly’s politics of becoming brings together critical responsiveness . . . Well, when one is doing philosophy.47
+======Deleuze Aff======
+====1AC Wake Round 8====
+**The abstract machine of faciality continually threatens to reduce identity to dyads: either an antagonistic position towards structures of oppression and other individuals surrounding us or the re-invocation of static, ossified categories. The topic invites both a historical, self-reflexive examination of the diverse modalities of oppression and a simultaneous affirmation of becoming. The modern prostitution regime gained power from the image of the seductive Asian man threatening the purity of white European womanhood while at the same time allowing large numbers of Chinese women so long as they remained prostitutes. Weed restrictions drew upon the rhetorical economy of the Chinese opium scare but combined this with a new xenophobia framed around a Mexican invasion, creating new regimes of violence. Militarism expands through fears of the “rise of China.” These contingent historical moments become sedimented through repetitions and reaffirmations, employed against other groups – Black Americans, East Asian migrants – in novel ways. Michael’s family immigrated to the United States from China and he is marked in the American racial code as foreign and Other. Within the dominant regimes of racialization he’s still, so they say, doing quite well. The long history of racial and sexual oppression in America makes it obvious that this isn’t true—brutal disposability of Chinese workers, Chinese Exclusion, and the murder of Vincent Chin, the myth of the “model minority” coexists with a violent suspicion of Asian otherness. Facialty operates by defining identity positions in terms of their deviance from the white heterosexual male. This process of demarcation is the condition of possibility for identitarian violence.**\\
+**__Saldanha ‘7__** /Arun, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Environment, and Society, University of Minnesota and Senior Lecturer of Social Sustainability at Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pg.194-196/
+My disagreement is not with Fanon’s and Martín . . . countered with a Hegelian sublation into the universal.
+**Vote affirmative to activate this space as site of becoming. This regime maintains its position via the construction of synthetic opposition between staticized identity groups. Against this we must intensify the production of difference, by growing grass. Growing grass means affirming the multiplicity of identity. Identity should become multiple—where the tree of identitarian totality once stood, thousands of molecular identities should sprout.**\\
+**__ Saldanha ‘6__** /Arun, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Environment, and Society, University of Minnesota and Senior Lecturer of Social Sustainability at Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, “Reontologising race: the machinic geography of phenotype”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2006, volume 24, pages 9-24, DOI:10.1068/d61j/
+Every time phenotype makes … out what is keeping them from becoming actual.
+**Why should you affirm? Because critique and negativity are not the same thing. Melancholia and mourning have become the hallmarks of our context, and as a result critiques of domination have stalled. Affirmation is the only way out of a stifling paradox between negativity as critique and activating affect as a modality for change.**\\
+**__Bradiotti ‘9__**, (Rosi, Humanities, Utrecht, New Formations, Issue 68, Fall 2009)\\
+This paper addresses a paradox: how to engage in … from the epistemological to the ontological turn in ¶ poststructuralist philosophy. ¶
+**Rather than viewing our affirmation as either the inscription of Michael’s scholarship into my white world, the production and performance of the 1AC juxtapose our hybridizing cis-male positionalities and ask about the possibilities this generates. This generative politics is the politics of becoming: a simultaneous recognition of the constitutive exclusion in our public acts and an attentiveness to the same. If there is any value to debate to begin with, it must start from the presupposition of non-exclusion**\\
+**__Braidotti ‘6__** /Rosi, Utrecht University and Birkbeck College, “Affirmation versus Vulnerability: On Contemporary Ethical Debates” Symposium: Canadian Journal of Continental Philosophy, vol. 10, no. 1, Spring / Printemps 2006, pp 235-254/
+The ethics of affirmation, with its … in the pursuit of change is a political act.
+**Why does the ballot matter? It is a site for debate becoming something different—in transfiguring the orthodoxy of debate as a series of dialectical exchanges premised on the logic of either/or, you can write debate as a site where affirmation produces new modes of becoming**\\
+**__Conway 10__**\\, Philosophy, CSU LA, 2010 (Jay, Gilles Deleuze: Affirmation in Philosophy)
+How exactly does the phrase “the middle” secure the atmosphere of Deleuze’s … index of any reorganization of social life.
+=====1AC=====
+**White supremacist polarizations continually threaten to reduce identity to dyads: either an antagonistic position towards structures of oppression and other individuals surrounding us or the re-invocation of static, ossified categories.**\\
+**Michael Suo is from a Chinese family that immigrated to the United States. He is marked in the American racial code as foreign and Other. And yet within the logic that dominant regimes of racialization deploy he’s still, so they say, doing comparatively well.**\\
+**The long history of racial oppression in America makes it obvious that this isn’t true—brutal disposability of Chinese workers, Chinese Exclusion, and the murder of Vincent Chin, the myth of the “model minority” coexists with a violent suspicion of Asian otherness. Prostitution restrictions emerged against the image of the seductive Asian man threatening the purity of white European womanhood. Weed restrictions drew upon the rhetorical economy of the Chinese opium scare but combined this with a new xenophobia framed around a Mexican invasion, creating new regimes of violence. These contingent historical moments become sedimented through repetitions and reaffirmations, employed against other groups – Black Americans, East Asian migrants – in novel ways**\\
+**Discussion of race needs to stay as creative as the individuals who bear it. When it remains within a binary, all people of color will be stuck in a white supremacist system. **\\
+**__Alcoff ‘6__** (Linda Martín Alcoff, Prof. of Philosophy at CUNY, Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Black‐White Binary, in Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Oxford Scholarship Online)
+Similar to the Mexican Americans in Texas, . . . 1994; Prashad 2000; Wu 2002).
+**The silence bred by reducing racialization to simplicity allows conservative forces to divide and conquer – the model minority myth, the tale of the high-performing Asian who proves that social uplift is possible is a paradigmatic example of a liminal identity being redeployed as a weapon**\\
+**__Prashad 2__** (Vijay Prashad, George and Martha Kellner Chair in South Asian History and Professor of International Studies, 2002, “Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting,” pp. 40-46
+The moral and political weight of the civil . . . content of their character’’ message than we suspect.
+**VOTE AFF TO AFFIRM A PEDAGOGY OF POLYCULTURALISM**\\
+**Obliterating the strength that the black/white binary gives White Supremacy means neither embracing liberal/multicultural color-blindedness, nor advocating a primordial position of absolute difference between races. Instead it begins with an understanding of race for the complex phenomenon that it is**\\
+**__Prashad 2__** (Vijay Prashad, George and Martha Kellner Chair in South Asian History and Professor of International Studies, 2002, “Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting,” pp. 38-40)
+The problem of the twenty-first century. . . , values. But more on that later.
+**Authenticity should not be a justification for exclusion. Polycultural politics affirms the centrality of internal differentiation for any understanding of identity. If there is any value to debate to begin with, it must start from the presupposition of non-exclusion**\\
+**__Prashad 2__** (Vijay Prashad, George and Martha Kellner Chair in South Asian History and Professor of International Studies, 2002, “Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting,” pp. 64-69)
+Disenfranchised by white supremacy, many people of . . . is indeed in some way equal.136
+**Growing grass means affirming the multiplicity of identity. Identity should become multiple—where the tree of identitarian totality once stood, thousands of molecular identities should sprout.**\\
+**__ Saldanha ‘6__** /Arun, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Environment, and Society, University of Minnesota and Senior Lecturer of Social Sustainability at Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, “Reontologising race: the machinic geography of phenotype”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2006, volume 24, pages 9-24, DOI:10.1068/d61j/
+Every time phenotype makes another machinic …. is keeping them from becoming actual.
+**Why should you affirm? Because critique and negativity are not the same thing. Melancholia and mourning have become the hallmarks of our context, and as a result critiques of domination have stalled. Affirmation is the only way out of a stifling paradox between negativity as critique and activating affect as a modality for change.**\\
+ Bradiotti, Humanities, Utrecht, 2009 (Rosi, New Formations, Issue 68, Fall 2009)
+This paper addresses a paradox: how to engage in … ¶ poststructuralist philosophy. ¶
+======Anarchism Aff======
+=====1AC=====
+**The spectre haunting politics is power – in an era where the state has become predatory and the populace disillusioned, we must ask the question of a politics without party and a power beyond the state**\\
+**__Newman 10__** (Saul Newman, Professor of Political Theory at the University of London at Goldsmiths, 2010, “The Politics of Postanarchism,” pub. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 104-107
+We observe a similar silence about anarchism in . . . with a more consistent ethical and political framework.
+**The resolution asks us to bring a set of practices into the law, sustaining the omnivorous nature of state power while simultaneously obscuring it. We reject this juridico-sovereign dialectic of prohibition and legalization. Ours is a politics of an-arche – the withering away of any first principle that can govern our existence. The 1AC is an immanent, agonistic contestation of the law; an unruly space of resistance carved from its very heart. **\\
+**__Newman 12__** (Saul Newman, Professor of Political Theory, Goldsmiths, University of London, “Anarchism and Law: Towards a Post-Anarchist Ethics of Disobedience,” Griffith Law Review (2012) Vol. 21 No. 2
+I do not want by any means to . . . political philosophy most closely aligned with justice.
+**Voting aff is an endorsement of the creation of a space beyond the law. Faced with the injunction to be technicians refining the machinery of power, we instead desert our role, an exodus that asserts our power to legalize whatever practices we desire.**\\
+**__Noterman and Pusey 12__** (Elsa Noterman is Program Associate at the Community Strategies Group of the Aspen Insitute, Andre Pusey is a PhD candidate in the School of Geography at the University of Leeds, UK, “Inside, Outside, and on the Edge of the Academy: Experiments in Radical Pedagogies” in Anarchist Pedagogies: Collective Action, Theories, and Critical Reflections on Education, pp. 192-194
+So, how do we build this new . . . , while rediscovering the subversiveness of teaching.
+**Liberalism tries to seize control of the state and direct the flow of history; a suturing of the subject infected by the possibility for fascism. Against this we affirm an anarchy of becoming – a micropolitical reconfiguration of the subject that shatters the possibility of domination**\\
+**__Call 2__** (Lewis Call, Associate Professor of History at Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo, 2002, Postmodern Anarchism. Lexington: Lexington Books, pp. 47-56
+But the usual suspects have another, much . . . all fixed politics, economics, and culture.
+**Politics that does not begin with the creation of the self is doomed to reactivity and ressentiment. This inscribes hatred into the place of power, reaffirming existing structures of domination.**\\
+**__Newman 2k__** (Saul Newman, Professor of Political Theory at the University of London at Goldsmiths, 2000, “Anarchism and the Politics of Ressentiment,” Theory and Event, 4:3
+Ressentiment is diagnosed by Nietzsche as our modern . . . philosophies, like anarchism, that advocate it.\\
+**[Newman continues . . .]**\\
+Has anarchism as a political and social theory of revolution been invalidated because of the …, in other words, an anarchism without ressentiment.
+**Our act of playful self-creation ruptures the processes of political subjectivization that make liberal violence thinkable**\\
+**__Clifford 1__** (Michael Clifford, associate professor of philosophy @ Mississippi State Univ, 2k1 [Political Genealogy after Foucault: Savage Identities, p. 144-146]
+Foucault's genealogical analyses reveal that “the self is not given to us” – there is no essential identity around which discourse, power relations, and modes of subjectivation revolve, but rather the subject is an effect of their interplay. This recognition of the subject as historically contingent effect, rather than essential, metaphysical entity, leads Foucault to a Nietzschean conclusion, that “we have to create ourselves as a work of art.” 60 We have to become involved in an ongoing process of creative self-transformation, of self-overcoming, in a genuinely Nietzschean sense. Yet when Foucault says that we have to create ourselves, he is not expressing this as a moral demand; it is, rather, a description of our situation. Constituting ourselves as subjects is a creative endeavor that involves giving meaning – style – to our existence, whether we recognize it as such or not. And Foucault is also extending an invitation: he is inviting us to open a space of freedom for ourselves, a freedom that consists in affirming ourselves “as a creative force.” 61 In abandoning any notion of metaphysical essentiality or anthropological necessity regarding who and what we are, we are able to recognize the creative contribution of the subject in the process of his or her own self-formation. This recognition itself is a kind of liberation, a distancing from the processes of subjection and subjectivization, through which the power of a particular identity is suspended. In the affirmation, not of a discourse of truth about ourselves as “creative beings,” but of creative activity in and for itself, recognition is no longer a determination. Through this affirmation, identity becomes a game, in which the relationships we have to ourselves are not of unity and coherence, but of difference and creation. In this way subjectivity becomes, not a limitation, but an art. Perhaps all this sounds too playful for the serious business of politics. In fact, this is just the sort of play required to break through, to fracture, the most oppressive forms of political subjection. A whole range of social problems, from limitations on social opportunities to declarations of war, are in part attributable to processes of subjectivization. The constitution of a political identity for ourselves involves the appropriation of values and beliefs that commit us to certain practices-practices that have real political consequences. We alternately lament or praise such consequences with little or no sense that their source lies in part in the arbitrary appropriation or imposition of an identity. We condemn the persecution of minorities, for instance, but how often do we ever really question the endemic processes of differentiation and identification that divides human beings along line-limits-of race and gender? War is the most tragic of human dramas, we say, even when it is “necessary” to secure our liberty, but to what extent is this necessity tied to an arbitrary drawing of lines-limits-on a map, to the contingency of a national identity that marshals troops for its perpetuation? The bigot and the dictator are micro- and macro-symbols of our political subjection. We raise our opposition against them willingly, enthusiastically, thinking that freedom consists simply of overcoming their petty, or global, tyrannies. We never think to overcome a much finer, more pervasive, less violent but more pernicious, quotidian form of subjection; that is, we never think to overcome ourselves. Political subjectivity is played out every day in struggles of domination and submission. Real freedom, concrete freedom, consists in fracturing the political identities-our liberalism, our conservatism, our patriotism, our individualism-through which we are bound to, limited by, rationalities that make these struggles necessary. If we can come to recognize the optionality and lack of necessity of given forms of political subjectivity, we might have a point of departure for changing (overcoming) certain kinds of real political relations. If this sounds utopian or idealistic, we have only to consider that most if not all political conflict in this half-century can be understood as clashes of identity. Most political movements in the last forty years in the United States can be understood in these terms. 62 Such movements have been (to some degree) successful in upsetting certain entrenched political identifications that had been the basis of their subjection and domination. The resistance that such movements have raised against their subjection is predicated on a refusal of a subjectival conceptualization and its limitations. Moreover, we have seen evidence that such refusals have gained wider social acceptance; they increasingly infiltrate the social structure through institutionalization and demarginalization. Of course, there are backslidings and retrenchments on a fairly regular basis (consider recent legislation to ban gay marriages, or the platform statement of Southern Baptists that wives “submit graciously to the servant leadership of their husbands”). Still, in many instances the political battles over identity-women in the military as a policy (though, of course, in practice sexual harassment and discrimination are still very prevalent), for example-have at least lifted such movements from the shadows and given them an air of legitimacy.
+**The place of power is death.**\\
+**__Beres 94__** (Louis Rene Beres, Ph.D., Princeton University. Professor of International Law, Department of Political Science, Purdue University, “Self-Determination, International Law and Survival on Planet Earth,” 11 Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 1 1994, Gender modified
+To fulfill the expectations of a new global . . . that brings self-affirmation and safety.
 ======Death Aff======
 =====1AC=====
@@ Line 37: / Line 182: @@
 But if this is really Baudrillard’s position, . . . drives crash. And even signs must burn.
-====== 2012-2013 ======
+=====2AC Framework=====
+====2AC Fairness====
+**Call for fairness produces life-denying ossification of debate**\\
+**__Grimm 77__** (Ruediger Hermann, art historian and Goethe scholar, Nietzsche's Theory of Knowledge, ed. M. Montinari, W. Miiller-Lauter & H. Wenzel, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pg. 30-33, Gender modified
+Western logic and metaphysics have been traditionally founded . . . , als ein Kampf . . .0 0
+====2AC Proliferation====
+**The proliferation of meaning and consciousness raising rely on a fantasy of communication which imlodes under its own wieght. More knowledge does not change reality.**\\
+**__Baudrillard 2000__** /http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jean-baudrillard/articles/simulacra-and-simulations-viii-the-implosion-of-meaning-in-the-media/
+ We live in a world where there . . . and regeneration of meaning and of speech.
+====2AC Dialogue====
+**Idea that subjects should be maximally reciprocal destroys the possibility for individual value**\\
+**__Robinson 12__** (Andrew, Political Theorist, Activist Based in the UK and research fellow affiliated to the Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice (CSSGJ), University of Nottingham, April 14, 2012, “Jean Baudrillard: Critique of Alienation – Draft 1,” http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-3/
+Baudrillard also sees communication and sociality being corrupted . . . instead using them as inducements to conformity.
+====2AC Communication====
+**Communication denies singularity.**\\
+**__Baudrillard 9__** (Jean, Dead frenchy currently teaching at the EGS, formerly Professor Emeritus at the Université de Paris X, Nanterre “The Vanishing Point of Communication” in Jean Baudrillard: Fatal Theories, Edited by David B. Clarke, Marcus A. Doel, William Merrin and Richard G. SmithThis text is based on a transcript of a lecture delivered in English by Jean Baudrillard to the Department of Social Sciences, Loughborough University, UK, New York:Routledge, pg. 15-23
+Everything about communication seems to have been said. . . the interface, of contiguity and networks.
+====2AC Fairness====
+**Call for fairness produces life-denying ossification of debate**\\
+**__Grimm 77__** (Ruediger Hermann, art historian and Goethe scholar, Nietzsche's Theory of Knowledge, ed. M. Montinari, W. Miiller-Lauter & H. Wenzel, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pg. 30-33, Gender modified
+Western logic and metaphysics have been traditionally founded . . . als ein Kampf . . .0 0
+====2AC Policy Education====
+**Policy debate is fake**\\
+**__Claude 1988__** (Inis, Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs, University of Virginia, States and the Global System, pages 18-20)
+This view of the state as an institutional . . . them–and that they sometimes claim.
+====== 2013-2014 ======
-====== Virilio Aff ======
+===== Virilio Aff =====
-===== 1AC =====
+==== 1AC ====
 **Politics is disappearing – the acceleration of social temporality has been matched by the emergence of pure war: a cult that denies democracy in favor of fascistic messianism **\\
 **__Hutchings 8__** (Kimberly Hutchings, Professor and Department Head of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 2008, “Apocalyptic times” in Time and world politics: thinking the present, Manchester University Press)
@@ Line 88: / Line 265: @@
 Much of modern democratic theory could be appropriately . . . executive—who promises quick and decisive action.
-===== 2AC Framework=====
+==== 2AC Framework====
-====2AC Interpretations====
+===2AC Interpretations===
 **Counterinterp: speed is affirmation**
@@ Line 102: / Line 279: @@
 Ideally, then, under Jeffersonian Democracy, . . . using the power they get from the people.
-==== 2AC Predictability/Limits ====
+=== 2AC Predictability/Limits ===
 **Limits are impossible**
@@ Line 108: / Line 285: @@
 'As Marx might have said more generally, . . . (McCloskey, 1994, p. 166).
-==== 2AC Decisionmaking ====
+=== 2AC Decisionmaking ===
 **Their instrumentalization of speed denies absolute futurity in favor of an infinite extension of the present – crushes our ability to cope with social acceleration critically**
@@ Line 120: / Line 297: @@
 This paper explores the ways in which the . . . basis of social life (Archer, 2003).
-==== 2AC Simulation ====
+=== 2AC Simulation ===
 **Simulation bad**\\
 **__Hoofd ‘9__** Ingrid M. Hoofd, National University of Singapore, Singapore, The Neoliberal Consolidation of Play and Speed: Ethical Issues in Serious Gaming, 2009, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.134.5365&rep=rep1&type=pdf
 I would claim that Armitage’s assessment of accelerated . . . the function and logic of serious gaming.
-===== 2AC Baudrillard =====
+==== 2AC Baudrillard ====
 **The critique of simulation nostalgically assumes that there was some more authentic real, thus giving up the struggles to effect the meaning of the real in the symbolic, namely politics itself. They’re criticism produces the existing ideology by mimicing the assumption that it’s all there is, like the triumphant capitalist who says that whatever problems capitalism may have, there’s no alternative so we have to learn to live within capitalism, not struggle to escape it. Their criticism doesn’t question ideolgy and simulation, it strengthens it**
@@ Line 152: / Line 329: @@
 Indeed, as regards knowledge, a little . . . the inhuman objectivity, as every paranoid knows.
-===== 2AC Unitary Executive Good =====
+==== 2AC Unitary Executive Good ====
 **They are wrong about everything**
@@ Line 181: / Line 358: @@
 Galli ‘10 (Carlo, Professor of Political Philosophy @ U. of Bologna, Politics Spaces and Global War, trans. Adam Sitze, pp. 175-179)
 Of course, even if there is no . . . Shadow, in an immediate and unthinking way.
-===== 2AC Invisible Committee K =====
+==== 2AC Invisible Committee K ====
 **Perm do both – communicative intervention should take place alongside everyday practices**
@@ Line 192: / Line 369: @@
 Waddington ‘11 (David, Dept. of Education @ Concordia, “Review of Trevor Norris, Consuming Schools Commercialism and the End of Politics”, Stud Philos Educ (2011) 30:85-92)
 Norris does excellent work summarizing Baudrillard’s fairly wide. . . especially true as far as  education is concerned.
-===== 2AC Word K =====
+==== 2AC Word K ====
 **The negative’s emphasis on the pre given CONTENT of our words over the EXPRESSION of their context prevents an understanding of language-as-becoming. Destroys the possibility for emancipatory**
@@ Line 198: / Line 375: @@
 Lecercle ends his book with a discussion of . . . : the two stutterings. (Essays 110)
-===== 2AC PGS CP =====
+==== 2AC PGS CP ====
 **The so-called Prompt Global Strike seems like other technologies – but its intrinsic accident is global. Two factors make the PGS unique:**
@@ Line 209: / Line 386: @@
 How does this matter? I argue that the task of tracing these constructions of spatiality, . . .  action drawn from that control over that space.
-=====2AC Cyberdeterrence DA=====
+====2AC Cyberdeterrence DA====
 **Cyber Deterrence theory is wrong—Absent the plan, cyber offense causes the next world war.**\\
 **__CSM 11__**, Christian Science Monitor (3/7, Mark Clayton, The new cyber arms race, www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2011/0307/The-new-cyber-arms-race)
@@ Line 236: / Line 413: @@
 Determining the importance of cybersecurity for critical infrastructure . . . widening conflict in exchange for very little benefit.
-=====2AC Accelerationism K=====
+====2AC Accelerationism K====
 **Perm do both**\\
 **__Williams & Srnicek 13__** (Alex, PhD student at the University of East London, presently at work on a thesis entitled 'Hegemony and Complexity', Nick, PhD candidate in International Relations at the London School of Economics, Co-authors of the forthcoming Folk Politics, 14 May 2013, http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/05/14/accelerate-manifesto-for-an-accelerationist-politics/
@@ Line 264: / Line 441: @@
 Even this statement ought not be taken at . . . become an obligation to mobility".[207]
-=====2AC Rights Malthus=====
+====2AC Rights Malthus====
 **No guarantee authoritarian state would be ecological**\\
@@ Line 288: / Line 465: @@
 Jean **__Baudrillard__**, Professor of Sociology and Philosophy @ Multiple universities, 2007, “Darwin’s Artificial Ancestors and the Terroristic Dream of the Transparency of the Good” International Journal of Baudrillard Studies Volume 4, number 2
 All this has been brought about by the . . . the sacrificing of the species to boundless experimentation.
-=====2AC Natives=====
+====2AC Natives====
 **Aff is a better method to solve**\\
 **__Bignall 10__** (Simone Bignall, Vice-Chancellor's Postdoctoral Research Scholar in Philosophy at UNSW, “Introduction” in Postcolonial Agency: Critique and Constructivism
@@ Line 313: / Line 490: @@
 Representations of space in the social sciences are . . . its cultural construction as a community or locality.
-=====2AC Vermont BB=====
+====2AC Vermont BB====
 **Our understanding of agency**\\
@@ Line 337: / Line 514: @@
 We will explore below ultranationalist and fascist movements . . . of this dismal logic: separation and slaughter.
-=====2AC Wake DL=====
+====2AC Wake DL====
 **Only problematizing a teleological reading of feminism can escape the imperialist tendencies of constructing a universal identitarian politics**\\
 **__Hutchings 8__** (Kimberly Hutchings, Professor and Department Head of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 2008, “Thinking the present” in Time and world politics: thinking the present, Manchester University Press)
@@ Line 372: / Line 549: @@
 The kind of threat I am talking about . . . discussions about power, privilege and oppression.
-====== Shaub Aff ======
+===== Shaub Aff =====
-=====1AC=====
+====1AC====
 **Where did indefinite detention come from?**\\
@@ Line 428: / Line 605: @@
 This Note contends that judges in the Guantanamo . . . province and duty of the judicial department." n277
-=====Plan=====
+====Plan====
 **Plan: The United States federal judiciary should conduct a discursive archaeological excavation restricting the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite detention.**
-=====AT: Obama Circumvents=====
+====AT: Obama Circumvents====
 **Clear statement requirement solves- no circumvention**\\
 **__Landau 9__** (Joseph, Associate-in-Law, Columbia Law School. MUSCULAR PROCEDURE: CONDITIONAL DEFERENCE IN THE EXECUTIVE DETENTION CASES Washington Law Review Vol. 84:661, 2009)
@@ Line 444: / Line 621: @@
 **__Bradley and Morrison 13__** (Curtis, Professor of Law, Duke Law School, and Trevor, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School , “Presidential Power, Historical Practice, And
 Legal Constraint” Duke Law Scholarship Repository)  . . . not by itself negate the importance of law.
-=====AT: Congress Circumvents=====
+====AT: Congress Circumvents====
 **Empirically denied**\\
@@ Line 450: / Line 627: @@
  The Supreme Court does not always have . . . word, on what a statute means.”
-=====2AC Framework=====
+====2AC Framework====
 **Counterinterp: excavation is affirmation**
@@ Line 467: / Line 644: @@
 In relation to the first, legal education . . . teachers have not experienced sufficient ethical dilemma. 38
-=====2AC OLC=====
+====2AC OLC====
 **Courts key**\\
 **__Eviatar 10__** (Daphne- Senior Associate in Human Rights First’s Law and Security Program, June 10, “Judges to Congress: Don't Legislate Indefinite Detention”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daphne-eviatar/judges-to-congress-dont-l_b_607801.html)
@@ Line 503: / Line 680: @@
 On all three initiatives, Obama used his . . . Generally speaking, it's more symbolic than substantive."
-=====2AC Executive Good=====
+====2AC Executive Good====
 **No spillover, also plan INCREASES the clarity of deference doctrine by investigating epistemic authority**\\
 **__Berger 11__** (ERIC BERGER, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law, 2011 “INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, JUDICIAL DEFERENCE, AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW NORMS IN CONSTITUTIONAL DECISION MAKING” BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW" [Vol. 91:2029]
@@ Line 527: / Line 704: @@
 **__Knowles 9__** [Spring, 2009, Robert Knowles is a Acting Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law, “American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution”, ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87]
 A common justification for deference is that the . . . ever-increasing abdication of their role.?
-=====2AC Debt Ceiling Politics=====
+====2AC Debt Ceiling Politics====
 **Uniqueness overwhelms the link**\\
 **__Bloomberg 10-1__** (Roxana Tiron et al,- Washington Correspondent for Bloomberg, former staff reporter for the Hill focusing on defense “Government Shutdown Begins as Deadlocked Congress Flails”)
@@ Line 551: / Line 728: @@
-======Binary Aff======
+=====Binary Aff=====
-=====1AC=====
+====1AC====
 **Debate today is marked by a structural conflict. The question of a structural dichotomy between blackness and whiteness dominates discussions, forcing people to rethink their relationship to race and privilege. This binary is a productive one, but it masks a structural silence on the status of other identities that undermines its emancipatory goals**\\
 **__Alcoff 3__** (Linda Alcoff, professor of philosophy at CUNY, “LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK-WHITE BINARY”, The Journal of Ethics 7: 5–27, 2003
@@ Line 590: / Line 767: @@
 These states implicitly recognized the contradictions of social . . . pleas for them on authenticity grounds alone).
-=====New 1AC Card USC Octas=====
+====New 1AC Card USC Octas====
 **The debate community has been preoccupied for months by a powerful demand for racial justice. After decades of repression, the voices of oppressed people are starting to surface. We support a pedagogy for the liberation of the oppressed, but we are compelled to intervene in this discussion. The debate is being framed by so-called “race teams” and the white supremacist policing disguised as concern for policy debate. This emerging discussion focuses almost entirely on anti-Blackness on the one hand and white supremacy on the other and therefore frames the issue of racial oppression within a Black/white binary. People of color who are neither Black nor white are ignored, nor how women, non-normative sexualities, and those with disability experience unique violence. This affects us directly. Michael Suo is from a Chinese family that immigrated to the United States. He is marked in the American racial code as foreign and Other. Despite this, Harvard BoSu is regularly called “white.” Suo’s racial identity can be strategically ignored. Facebook discussions about minority participation in elims or on panels almost always ignore Asian people of all kinds as if they don’t count—as if they’re white. This fits a larger stereotype of Asians as silent, hard-working, and apolitical, striving to assimilate into whiteness. But the long history of racial oppression in America makes it obvious that this isn’t true—from the brutal disposability of Chinese workers in the nineteenth century through the Yellow Peril, the Chinese Exclusion act, and the murder of Vincent Chin, the myth of the “model minority” coexists with a violent suspicion of Asian otherness. People assume that Suo is being calculating, self-interested, and crafty when we talk about our structural position. This is just a way of saying that he’s “really” white. It also has ominous parallels to the same stereotypes of Asians that got people killed in the LA riots, got Vincent Chin beaten to death, and are used to justify American military imperialism in Asia. As long as the discussion of race stays within a binary, all people of color will be stuck in a white supremacist system.**\\
 **__ALCOFF 6__** (Linda Martín Alcoff, Prof of Philosophy at CUNY, Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Black‐White Binary, in Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Oxford Scholarship Online)
-=====2AC v. Towson JR=====
+====2AC v. Towson JR====
 Blackness is not the fulcrum of white supremacy. This is an inaccurate and essentialist reading of both history and the present
 **__ALCOFF 6__** (Linda Martín Alcoff, Prof of Philosophy at CUNY, Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Black‐White Binary, in Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Oxford Scholarship Online)
@@ Line 615: / Line 792: @@
 At what point do the civil liberties protections . . . to deny such groups their civil rights protections.
-===== 2AC v. OU CB =====
+==== 2AC v. OU CB ====
-====2AC Overview====
+===2AC Overview===
 **Our strategy is not mutually exclusive with theirs. Rejecting competition of oppressions is a prerequisite to liberation.**\\
 **__Kim 98__** (Elaine H. Kim, Professor of Ethnic Studies, University of California, Berkeley, “‘At least you’re not black’: Asian Americans in U.S. race relations.” http://maxweber.hunter.cuny.edu/pub/eres/SOC217_PIMENTEL/asians2.pdf
@@ Line 623: / Line 800: @@
 In a society held together by hierarchical arrangements . . . and differences to build bridges to one another.
-====AT: Blackness First====
+===AT: Blackness First===
 **There is no denying that blackness has a powerful effect, but their interpellation argument goes too far. There are modes of racialization that do not rely on the coding of blackness**\\
 **__Almaguer 94__** (Tomás Almaguer, Professor of Ethnic Studies and former Dean of the College of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University, 1994, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California, pp. 206-207
@@ Line 641: / Line 818: @@
 **__ALCOFF 6__** (Linda Martín Alcoff, Prof of Philosophy at CUNY, Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Black‐White Binary, in Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Oxford Scholarship Online)
 What makes all of these diverse examples of . . . , that is differentially distributed among various groups.
-==== AT: Ontological Question====
+=== AT: Ontological Question===
 **__Hudson 13__** (Political Studies Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) 13 (Peter, Social Dynamics (2013): The state and the colonial unconscious, Social Dynamics: A journal of African studies, DOI: 10.1080/02533952.2013.802867)
 [BEGIN FOOTNOTE]
@@ Line 650: / Line 827: @@
-====== Starship Troopers Aff ======
+===== Starship Troopers Aff =====
-=====1AC=====
+====1AC====
 I always get the shakes before a drop. . . Flores died on the way up.
@@ Line 722: / Line 899: @@
 FROM THE VERY BEGINNING of modern SF, . . . but to reinter- pret its function.
-=====1AC Plan=====
+====1AC Plan====
 **Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States to introduce a voluntary United States Armed Forces into hostilities.**
-=====2AC Heg K=====
+====2AC Heg K====
 **Current US power project only leads to imperialism. Only by questioning the role of the military can we solve global problems. Policy makers must take the initiative and reign in the military through logical cutdowns.**\\
 **__Cohen 9__** (Michael A., senior research fellow at the New America Foundation, where he directs the Privatization of Foreign Policy Initiative, “Arms for the World: How the U.S. Military Shapes American Foreign Policy”, Dissent, Volume 56, Number 4, Fall 2009)
@@ Line 740: / Line 917: @@
 Of course, even if there is no . . . , in an immediate and unthinking way.
-=====2AC Framework=====
+====2AC Framework====
 **__Substantial is Considerable in importance__**, value, degree, amount, or extent American Heritage 2k
@@ Line 753: / Line 930: @@
 Integration of science fiction into technology assessment Over . . . techniques built on the strengths of science fiction.
-=====2AC Limits=====
+====2AC Limits====
 **Their limits bad – only opening up different modes of thought experiment can resist technocracy**\\
 **__Miller and Bennett 8__** http://archive.cspo.org/documents/article_MillerBennett2008.pdf Clark A Miller and Ira Bennett work at the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University, PO Box 875603, Tempe, AZ 85287-5603, USA. Email: clark.miller@ asu.edu and ira.bennett@asu.edu. Tel: 480-727-8787. The authors would like to th ank Nicole Nelson and Science and Public Policy , 35(8), October 2008, pages 597–606 DOI: 10.3152/030234208X370666; http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/beech/sp
@@ Line 759: / Line 936: @@
 Peterson’s lecture prompted us to write this article. . . mutually constitutive relations of social and technological change.
-======Before the Law Aff======
+=====Before the Law Aff=====
-=====1AC=====
+====1AC====
 Before the law sits a gatekeeper. To . . . I’m going now to close it.”\\
@@ Line 820: / Line 997: @@
 **Plan: The United States federal judiciary should permanently enjoin enforcement of section 1021(b)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for the Fiscal Year 2012 on the grounds that it is facially overbroad.**

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